ActCAD is a professional grade 2D Drafting and 3D Modeling CAD Software suitable for all engineering domains. Its similar interface and narrow learning curve makes the user feel comfortable while using ActCAD.
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Functional analysis and modeling (engineering)The discipline that addresses the activities that a system, a software, or an organization must perform to achieve its desired outputs; that is, what transformations are necessary to turn the available inputs into the desired outputs. Additional considerations include the flow of data or items between functions, the processing instructions that are available to guide the transformations, and the control logic that dictates the activation and termination of functions. Functional analysis diagrams have been developed to capture some or all of these concepts.Functional analysis is performed in systems engineering, software systems engineering, and business process reengineering as a portion of the design process. These design processes typically involve the steps of requirements definition and analysis, functional analysis, physical or resource definition, and operational analysis. This last step of operational analysis involves the marriage of functions with resources to determine if the requirements are met. The concept of examining the logical architecture via functional analysis concurrent with the development of the physical architecture has become a well-accepted principle in the related fields of systems engineering, software engineering, and business process reengineering. ElementsThere are four elements to be addressed by any specific functional analysis approach.
First, the functions are represented as a hierarchical decomposition, in which there is a top-level function for the system or organization. The top-level function is partitioned into a set of subfunctions that use the same inputs and produce the same outputs as the top-level function. Each of these subfunctions can then be partitioned further, with the decomposition process continuing as often as it is useful.Second, functional analysis diagrams can represent the flow of data or items among the functions within any portion of the functional decomposition. As the first and subsequent functional decompositions are examined, it is common for one function to produce outputs that are not useful outside the boundaries of the system or organizations. These outputs are needed by other functions in order to produce the needed and expected external outputs.Processing instructions are a third element that appear in some functional analysis diagrams.
These instructions contain the needed information for the functions to transform the inputs to the outputs.The fourth element is the control flow that sequences the termination and activation of the functions so that the process is both efficient and effective. Feedback and controlFeedback plays an important role in functional analysis and modeling. Feedback and control is the comparison of the actual characteristics of an output with desired characteristics of that output for the purpose of adjusting the process of transforming inputs into that output. Open-loop control processes may or may not make this measurement, but in either case make no adjustments to the process once started. Closed-loop control processes use measurements of the output as feedback for the purpose of adjusting or controlling the transformation process.Want to thank TFD for its existence?, add a link to this page, or visit.Link to this page: Functional analysis and modeling.
Process metrics assess the effectiveness and quality of software process, determine maturity of the process, effort required in the process, effectiveness of defect removal during development, and so on. Product metrics is the measurement of work product produced during different phases of software development. Project metrics illustrate the project characteristics and their execution.
Process MetricsTo improve any process, it is necessary to measure its specified attributes, develop a set of meaningful metrics based on these attributes, and then use these metrics to obtain indicators in order to derive a strategy for process improvement.Using software process metrics, software engineers are able to assess the efficiency of the software process that is performed using the process as a framework. Process is placed at the centre of the triangle connecting three factors (product, people, and technology), which have an important influence on software quality and organization performance. The skill and motivation of the people, the complexity of the product and the level of technology used in the software development have an important influence on the quality and team performance. The process triangle exists within the circle of environmental conditions, which includes development environment, business conditions, and customer /user characteristics.To measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the software process, a set of metrics is formulated based on the outcomes derived from the process. These outcomes are listed below. Number of errors found before the software release. Defect detected and reported by the user after delivery of the software.
Time spent in fixing errors. Work products delivered.
Human effort used. Time expended. Conformity to schedule. Wait time. Number of contract modifications. Estimated cost compared to actual cost.Note that process metrics can also be derived using the characteristics of a particular software engineering activity. For example, an organization may measure the effort and time spent by considering the user interface design.
It is observed that process metrics are of two types, namely, private and public. Private Metrics are private to the individual and serve as an indicator only for the specified individual(s).
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Defect rates by a software module and defect errors by an individual are examples of private process metrics. Note that some process metrics are public to all team members but private to the project. These include errors detected while performing formal technical reviews and defects reported about various functions included in the software.Public metrics include that was private to both individuals and teams. Project-level defect rates, effort and related data are collected, analyzed and assessed in order to obtain indicators that help in improving the organizational process performance. Process Metrics EtiquetteProcess metrics can provide substantial benefits as the organization works to improve its process maturity.
However, these metrics can be misused and create problems for the organization. In order to avoid this misuse, some guidelines have been defined, which can be used both by managers and software engineers.